Recambio de Hematíes en gestante con Anemia de Células Falciformes: reporte de un caso en el Hospital Regional de Talca / Red blood cell exchange in pregnant women with Sickle Cell Anemia: report of a case in the Regional Hospital of Talca

Sickle cell anemia or sickle cell disease is an autosomal recessive disease, caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin gene, where glutamic acid is substituted for valine at position 6 of the beta chain of hemoglobin, resulting in hemoglobin S The diagnosis is made with electrophoresis. The clinical manifestations are varied, the most frequent being the vaso-occlusive crisis, which can increase in pregnancy, during which sickle cell disease also increases the risk of maternal-fetal complications, caused by pre-eclampsia infections, intrauterine growth restriction, and premature delivery. and miscarriage. The usual treatment for the management of seizures is hydroxyurea, a drug that is teratogenic, so its use is contraindicated during pregnancy. Other treatment alternatives are red blood cell transfusion and red blood cell exchange. Next, the first case of red blood cell exchange or exchange transfusion in a pregnant patient with sickle cell anemia at the Hospital Regional de Talca is presented.

Complicaciones y comorbilidades más frecuentes en la anemia drepanocítica / Most frequent complications and comorbidities in sickle cell anemia

Introducción: La anemia drepanocítica es una enfermedad pleiotrópica sistémica. Con su padecimiento, casi todos los órganos se afectan. Las formas de presentación de esta enfermedad varían entre los pacientes. Objetivo: Describir las características principales de las complicaciones y comorbilidades más frecuentes en la anemia drepanocítica. Método: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura, de artículos publicados en los últimos 10 años sobre complicaciones y comorbilidades más frecuentes en la anemia drepanocítica. Conclusión: El conocimiento y diferenciación de las complicaciones y comorbilidades en la anemia drepanocítica permite administrar las terapias adecuadas(AU)

Introduction: Sickle cell anemia is a systemic pleiotropic disease. Almost all organs are affected with his condition. The forms of presentation of this disease vary. Objective: To describe the main characteristics of the most frequent complications and comorbidities in sickle cell anemia. Method: A literature review of articles published in the last 10 years on the most frequent complications and comorbidities in sickle cell anemia was carried out. Conclusion: The knowledge and differentiation of complications and comorbidities in sickle cell anemia allows the administration of appropriate therapiesAU)

Generation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells with sickle cell mutation from induced pluripotent stem cell in serum-free system

ABSTRACT Introduction Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a monogenic disease and it is estimated that 300,000 infants are born annually with it. Most treatments available are only palliative, whereas the allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation offers the only potential cure for SCD. Objective Generation of human autologous cells, when coupled with induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, is a promising approach for developing study models. In this study, we provide a simple and efficient model for generating hematopoietic cells using iPSCs derived from a sickle cell anemia patient and an inexpensive in-house-prepared medium. Method This study used iPSCs previously generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a patient with sickle cell anemia (iPSC_scd). Hematopoietic and erythroid differentiation was performed in two steps. Firstly, with the induction of hematopoietic differentiation through embryoid body formation, we evaluated the efficiency of two serum-free media; and secondly, the induction of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells to erythroid progenitor cells was performed. Results The patient-specific cell line generated CD34+/CD45+ and CD45+/CD43+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and erythroid progenitors, comprising CD36+, CD71+ and CD235a+ populations, as well as the formation of hematopoietic colonies, including erythroid colonies, in culture in a semi-solid medium. Conclusion In conjunction, our results described a simple serum-free platform to differentiate human the iPSCs into hematopoietic progenitor cells. This platform is an emerging application of iPSCs in vitro disease modeling, which can significantly improve the search for new pharmacological drugs for sickle cell disease.

Estudos econômicos completos sobre tratamentos da anemia falciforme / Estudios económicos completos sobre tratamientos para la anemia falciforme / Comprehensive economic studies on sickle cell anemia treatments

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar os estudos econômicos completos com enfoque nos tratamentos da Anemia Falciforme. Métodos: Estudo de revisão integrativa de literatura desenvolvido mediante coleta de dados nas bases eletrônicas National Library of Medicine - Medline via PubMed; Elservier's Scopus; Current Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature; Science Direct e Web of Science com descritores indexados no Medical Subject Headings. Os estudos foram selecionados pelo teste de relevância e analisados de acordo com a classificação das análises econômicas em saúde e o sistema de Classificação da qualidade das evidências e a força das recomendações. Resultados: Fizeram parte desta revisão 09 artigos, dos quais sete recuperados na base Elservier's Scopus e dois na Medline via PubMed. Todos estudos completos com enfoque nas perspectivas do uso da Hidroxiureia e da transfusão sanguínea no tratamento da Anemia Falciforme. Conclusão: Não foram identificados estudos realizados no Brasil com este tipo de análise para Anemia Falciforme. Há muito a ser feito mundialmente para avaliação das tecnologias vigentes, reavaliação das utilizadas atualmente e implementação de diagnóstico e tratamento contínuo, com um sistema que garanta uma rede de atenção ativa e eficiente aos pacientes.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar los estudios económicos completos con enfoque en tratamientos para la anemia falciforme Métodos: Estudio de revisión integradora de la literatura desarrollado mediante la recolección de datos en las bases electrónicas National Library of Medicine - Medline vía PubMed; Elservier's Scopus; Current Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature; Science Direct y Web of Science con descriptores indexados en Medical Subject Headings. Los estudios fueron seleccionados mediante la prueba de relevancia y analizados de acuerdo con la clasificación de análisis económicos en salud y con el sistema de clasificación de la calidad de las evidencias y la fuerza de las recomendaciones. Resultados: Nueve artículos formaron parte de esta revisión, de los cuales siete fueron encontrados en la base Elservier's Scopus y dos en Medline vía PubMed. Todos son estudios completos con enfoque en las perspectivas del uso de hidroxiurea y transfusión sanguínea para el tratamiento de anemia falciforme. Conclusión: No se identificaron estudios realizados en Brasil con este tipo de análisis de anemia falciforme. Hay mucho por hacer a nivel mundial para evaluar las tecnologías vigentes, revaluar las que se utilizan en la actualidad e implementar el diagnóstico y tratamiento continuo, con un sistema que garantice una red de atención activa y eficiente para los pacientes.

Abstract Objective: To analyze complete economic studies focusing on sickle cell anemia treatments. Methods: Integrative literature review developed by collecting data in the electronic databases National Library of Medicine - Medline via PubMed; Elsevier's Scopus; Current Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature; Science Direct and Web of Science with descriptors indexed in Medical Subject Headings. The studies were selected by the relevance test and analyzed according to the classification of economic analyses in health and the classification system of evidence quality and strength of recommendations. Results: Nine articles were part of this review, seven of which were retrieved from Elsevier's Scopus and two from Medline via PubMed. All articles reported on studies focusing on the perspectives of using hydroxyurea and blood transfusion in the treatment of sickle cell anemia. Conclusion: No studies were identified that were conducted in Brazil and involved this type of analysis for sickle cell anemia. Much remains to be done worldwide to assess existing technologies, reassess the technologies currently used and implement continuous diagnosis and treatment, by means of a system that guarantees an active and efficient care network for the patients.

Progress in Gene Therapy of Sickle Cell Disease Based on Hemoglobin F--Review / 中国实验血液学杂志

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a single gene genetic disease, which seriously threatens the life span and quality of patients. On the basis of the pathogenesis of SCD and the alternative therapy based on fetal hemoglobin F (HbF), the research progress of transcription factors involved in the regulation of HbF gene expression, such as BCL11A, ZBTB7A, KLF-1, c-MYB and SOX6, as well as the application of CRISPR / Cas9, TALEN, zinc finger nuclease and other gene editing technologies in this field has been made, providing a solid theoretical basis for the exploration of new treatment schemes for β- like hemoglobin diseases, such as sickle cell disease and β- thalassemia.

Experiência da família no manejo da criança com anemia falciforme: implicações para o cuidado / Families' experience in managing children with sickle cell anemia: implications for care / Experiencia de la familia en el manejo del niño con anemia falciforme: implicaciones para la atención

Objetivo: compreender a experiência da família no manejo da criança com anemia falciforme. Método: estudo qualitativo desenvolvido com 14 famílias de crianças com anemia falciforme, mediante entrevistas semiestruturadas abordando o manejo, as experiências e os enfrentamentos vivenciados do diagnóstico ao adoecimento. Utilizou-se como técnica a narrativa e como referencial teórico o Interacionismo Simbólico. Resultados: a experiência da família revela que ela permanece em constante vigilância e proteção, tendo de enfrentar desafios a partir do diagnóstico da anemia falciforme na criança. O desconhecimento dos profissionais sobre a doença, as lacunas na rede de atenção à saúde e a falta de informação sobre a doença marcam o itinerário, impondo a redefinição na dinâmica familiar. Conclusão: serviços de saúde e profissionais devem ser capacitados para atender as necessidades e demandas da criança com anemia falciforme e de sua família, bem como fornecer informações que as fortaleça.

Objective: to understand families' experience in managing children with sickle cell anemia. Method: this qualitative study of 14 families of children with sickle cell anemia was conducted by semi-structured interviews addressing the families' management, experiences and coping from diagnosis to illness. The narrative technique was used and Symbolic Interactionism gave the theoretical framework. Results: the families' experiences revealed that they are constantly vigilant and protective, and have to face challenges from the moment their children are diagnosed with sickle cell anemia. Their progress was hindered by health personnel's lack of knowledge about the disease, lacunae in the health care system, and a lack of information about the disease, which imposed a reworking of family dynamics. Conclusion: health services and personnel must be trained to meet the needs and demands of children with sickle cell anemia and their families, and to provide information to strengthen them.

Objetivo: comprender la experiencia de las familias en el manejo de niños con anemia de células falciformes. Método: este estudio cualitativo de 14 familias de niños con anemia falciforme se realizó mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas que abordaron el manejo, las experiencias y el afrontamiento de las familias desde el diagnóstico hasta la enfermedad. Se utilizó la técnica narrativa y el Interaccionismo Simbólico dio el marco teórico. Resultados: las experiencias de las familias revelaron que están constantemente vigilantes y protectoras, y deben enfrentar desafíos desde el momento en que a sus hijos se les diagnostica anemia falciforme. Su avance se vio obstaculizado por el desconocimiento del personal de salud sobre la enfermedad, las lagunas en el sistema de salud y la falta de información sobre la enfermedad, lo que impuso una reelaboración de la dinámica familiar. Conclusión: los servicios y el personal de salud deben estar capacitados para atender las necesidades y demandas de los niños con anemia falciforme y sus familias, y brindar información para fortalecerlos.

Recambio por aféresis de glóbulos rojos. Primer registro de un hospital pediátrico en Quito-Ecuador / Red blood cell exchange. First report in a pediatric Hospital in Quito-Ecuador

Introducción: La anemia falciforme es la hemoglobinopatía estructural más frecuente en todo el mundo y es causada por la producción de hemoglobina S (HbS) a consecuencia de una mutación puntual en el gen de la beta globina.Objetivo: Mostrar los beneficios del recambio de glóbulos rojos por aféresis en la presentación del síndrome torácico agu-do, causado por la anemia drepanocítica.Presentación del caso: Se describe el manejo de una paciente de trece años de edad, con anemia drepanocítica que, al momento de su ingreso al hospital, presentó crisis vaso- oclusiva secundaria a su patología de base. Al segundo día presen-tó síndrome de tórax agudo, por lo que se solicitó al Servicio de Medicina Transfusional, el recambio eritrocitario. Analizado el caso, se realizó el cálculo de la volemia total de la paciente, se prepararon concentrados de glóbulos rojos (CGRs) com-patibles con la paciente: se filtraron; y se les cuantificó el hematocrito. El procedimiento se realizó con el equipo de aféresis COM.TEC. en el que se recambió 1.200 mililitros de eritrocitos totales. Discusión: El recambio eritrocitario por aféresis aportó una notable y visible mejoría clínica y laboratorial. Por lo que en nuestra experiencia consideramos que el procedimiento fue eficiente. Conclusiones: El recambio de eritrocitos por aféresis en el síndrome torácico agudo en crisis drepanocítica es un procedi-miento que se puede utilizar en pacientes que no responden a otras terapias por su mínima alteración de la viscosidad y volumen sanguíneo en el paciente, y disminuir la concentración de hemoglobina S.

Introduction: Sickle-cell anemia is the most common structural hemoglobinopathy worldwide and is caused by the pro-duction of hemoglobin S (HbS) as a result of a point mutation in the beta globin gene.Objective: Show the benefits of red blood cell replacement by apheresis in the presentation of acute chest syndrome, cau-sed by sickle-cell anemia.Case Presentation: We describe the management of a thirteen-year-old patient with sickle-cell anemia, who presented, at admission to the hospital, an occlusive vessel crisis, secondary to her underlying pathology. On the second day of admission, she presented acute chest syndrome. Erythrocyte replacement was requested to the hospital blood service. After analyzing the case, the total blood volume of the patient was calculated, red blood cell concentrates (RBCs) compatible with the pa-tient were prepared, all RBCs were filtered, and the hematocrit was quantified in all RBCs. The procedure was performed with the apheresis equipment COM.TEC. in which a total of 1,200 milliliters of erythrocytes was replaced. Discussion: The erythrocyte replacement by apheresis contributed a remarkable and visible clinical and laboratory impro-vement. In our view, we consider that the procedure was efficient.Conclusions: The replacement of erythrocytes by apheresis in the acute thoracic syndrome in sickle cell crisis is a procedure that may be used in patients who do not respond to other therapies, benefiting from minimal alteration of the viscosity and blood volume in the patient, as well as concomitant decrease of hemoglobin S concentration.

A participação dos conviventes com a doença falciforme na atenção à saúde: um estudo bibliográfico / The participation of cohabitants with sickle cell disease in health care: a bibliographic study

Resumo O artigo tem por objetivo analisar a produção científica publicada acerca da participação dos sujeitos da doença falciforme (DF) e seus familiares, bem como sobre a autonomia e os aspectos sociais relacionados a esses sujeitos. Metodologicamente, utilizou-se pesquisa bibliográfica de cunho qualitativo com os descritores "doença falciforme" e "participação". Como resultados, afiguraram-se os seguintes temas: (1) Experiência do adoecimento, destacando a convivência e as questões étnico-raciais; (2) Participação em pesquisas e o olhar dos profissionais de saúde sobre a DF; e (3) Autonomia dos conviventes e tomada de decisão. Conclui-se que a promoção da participação desses portadores nos estudos, seja de uma forma instrumental, seja para melhor contextualizar os resultados, seja - ainda - para enriquecer as conclusões dos autores, pode - intencionalmente ou não - contribuir para a maior visibilidade do problema que envolve ser portador da DF para os sujeitos e seus familiares. Destaca-se também o dever de se analisar interseccionalmente todo o contexto do paciente e seu contexto familiar.

Abstract This paper aims to analyze the published scientific production about the participation of the sickle cell disease (SCD) subjects and their relatives, and the autonomy and social aspects of these individuals. A qualitative bibliographic search with the Portuguese-equivalent keywords "sickle cell disease" and "participation" was used. As a result, the following themes appeared: (1) Experience of illness, highlighting coexistence and ethnic-racial issues; (2) Participation in research and the perspective of health professionals on SCD; and (3) Autonomy of cohabitants and decision-making. We can conclude that the promotion of the participation of these patients in the studies, either instrumentally, or to contextualize the results better, or - still - to enrich the authors' conclusions, can intentionally or unintentionally contribute to the greater visibility of the problem that involves being a SCD cohabitant for the subjects and their relatives. The duty to analyze intersectionally the entire context of the patient and his family context is also highlighted.

Family management ofchildren who experience sickle cell disease: a qualitative study / Manejo familiar de niños que experimentanenfermedad decélulas falciformes: um estúdio cualitativo / Manejo familiar de crianças que vivenciam a doença falciforme: um estudo qualitativo

ABSTRACT Objective: to know the family management experience of children with sickle cell disease in the light of the Family Management Style Framework. Methods: a qualitative case study carried out between September/2015 and July/2016 with 12 members of eight families registered in a blood center in Minas Gerais. The semi-structured interviews were recorded, and the data were analyzed and interpreted by the hybrid model thematic analysis. Results: three management styles were identified: five families in the accommodating style; two families in the struggling style; and only one family in the enduring style.It was noted that empowerment was paramount in the acquisition of skills and abilities to care for these children. Final considerations: family management knowledge of children with sickle cell disease provided a reflection on nurses' role in supporting, orienting and encouraging the empowerment of these families aiming at the search for comprehensive care.

RESUMEN Objetivo: conocerl a experiencia de gestión familiar de niños con anemia falciforme a la luz del marco teórico Family Management Style Framework. Métodos: estudio de caso cualitativo, realizado entre septiembre/2015 y julio/2016 con 12 miembros de ocho familias registradas e nun centro de sangre en Minas Gerais. Las entrevistas semiestructuradas fueron grabadas y los datos analizados e interpretados por el modelo híbrido de análisis temático. Resultados: se identificar ontres estilos de gestión: cinco famílias e nel estilo accommodating (complacente); dos famílias em el estilo struggling (lucha); y solo una família e nel estilo enduring (tolerante). Frente a los estilos, se observó que el empoderamiento era primordial en la adquisición de habilidades y destrezas para el cuidado de estos niños. Consideracionesfinales: el conocimiento sobre el manejo familiar de los niños con enfermedad de células falciformes llevó a una reflexión sobre el papel de La enfermera en el apoyo, orientación y estímulo del empoderamiento de estas famílias con el objetivo de buscar una atención integral.

RESUMO Objetivo: conhecer a experiência de manejo familiar de crianças com doença falciforme à luz do referencial teórico Family Management Style Framework. Métodos: estudo de caso qualitativo, realizado entre setembro/2015 e julho/2016 com 12 membros de oito famílias cadastradas em um hemocentro mineiro. As entrevistas semiestruturadas foram gravadas e os dados analisados e interpretados pelo modelo híbrido de análise temática. Resultados: três estilos de manejo foram identificados: cinco famílias no estilo accommodating (acomodando); duas famílias no estilo struggling (lutando); e apenas uma família no estilo enduring (tolerante). Frente aos estilos, notou-se que o empoderamento foi primordial na aquisição de habilidades e capacidades para o cuidado dessas crianças. Considerações finais: o conhecimento sobre o manejo familiar de crianças com doença falciforme propiciou a reflexão sobre a atuação do enfermeiro no apoio, orientações e estímulo para o empoderamento destas famílias visando à busca de um cuidado integral.

Family management ofchildren who experience sickle cell disease: a qualitative study / Manejo familiar de niños que experimentanenfermedad decélulas falciformes: um estúdio cualitativo / Manejo familiar de crianças que vivenciam a doença falciforme: um estudo qualitativo

ABSTRACT Objective: to know the family management experience of children with sickle cell disease in the light of the Family Management Style Framework. Methods: a qualitative case study carried out between September/2015 and July/2016 with 12 members of eight families registered in a blood center in Minas Gerais. The semi-structured interviews were recorded, and the data were analyzed and interpreted by the hybrid model thematic analysis. Results: three management styles were identified: five families in the accommodating style; two families in the struggling style; and only one family in the enduring style.It was noted that empowerment was paramount in the acquisition of skills and abilities to care for these children. Final considerations: family management knowledge of children with sickle cell disease provided a reflection on nurses' role in supporting, orienting and encouraging the empowerment of these families aiming at the search for comprehensive care.

RESUMEN Objetivo: conocerl a experiencia de gestión familiar de niños con anemia falciforme a la luz del marco teórico Family Management Style Framework. Métodos: estudio de caso cualitativo, realizado entre septiembre/2015 y julio/2016 con 12 miembros de ocho familias registradas e nun centro de sangre en Minas Gerais. Las entrevistas semiestructuradas fueron grabadas y los datos analizados e interpretados por el modelo híbrido de análisis temático. Resultados: se identificar ontres estilos de gestión: cinco famílias e nel estilo accommodating (complacente); dos famílias em el estilo struggling (lucha); y solo una família e nel estilo enduring (tolerante). Frente a los estilos, se observó que el empoderamiento era primordial en la adquisición de habilidades y destrezas para el cuidado de estos niños. Consideracionesfinales: el conocimiento sobre el manejo familiar de los niños con enfermedad de células falciformes llevó a una reflexión sobre el papel de La enfermera en el apoyo, orientación y estímulo del empoderamiento de estas famílias con el objetivo de buscar una atención integral.

RESUMO Objetivo: conhecer a experiência de manejo familiar de crianças com doença falciforme à luz do referencial teórico Family Management Style Framework. Métodos: estudo de caso qualitativo, realizado entre setembro/2015 e julho/2016 com 12 membros de oito famílias cadastradas em um hemocentro mineiro. As entrevistas semiestruturadas foram gravadas e os dados analisados e interpretados pelo modelo híbrido de análise temática. Resultados: três estilos de manejo foram identificados: cinco famílias no estilo accommodating (acomodando); duas famílias no estilo struggling (lutando); e apenas uma família no estilo enduring (tolerante). Frente aos estilos, notou-se que o empoderamento foi primordial na aquisição de habilidades e capacidades para o cuidado dessas crianças. Considerações finais: o conhecimento sobre o manejo familiar de crianças com doença falciforme propiciou a reflexão sobre a atuação do enfermeiro no apoio, orientações e estímulo para o empoderamento destas famílias visando à busca de um cuidado integral.

Drépanocytose en République Démocratique du Congo : l'hydroxyurée est peu disponible et rarement accessible pour les patients

Contexte et objectifs. L'hydroxyurée est connu efficace dans la prise en charge des crises drépanocytaires. L'objectif de la présente étude était d'établir la disponibilité et d'évaluer le cout moyen de ce médicament en République Démocratique du Congo (RDC). Méthodes. Une étude transversale descriptive a été réalisée dans 188 pharmacies de deux villes (une grande, Lubumbashi versus une enclavée, Mbuji Mayi en RDC, entre les 1er avril et 1er septembre 2017. Seules des questions fermées ont été posées, avec des choix soit dichotomiques soit multiples. Résultats. L'hydroxyurée n'était disponible que dans 22% des pharmacies participantes (41/188) et beaucoup plus fréquemment dans celles d'une grande ville que dans celles d'une ville reculée (34/96 contre 7/92). La plupart des patients ont présenté une ordonnance médicale (36/41 soit 88% d'entre eux) pour obtenir le médicament. Le prix de l'hydroxyurée variait entre 10 et 35 $, avec un prix moyen de 15 $ pour une boîte de 25 gélules. Ce prix est onéreux pour le pouvoir d'achat de la majorité des patients drépanocytaires. Conclusions. Cette étude montre que l'hydroxyurée est à la fois peu disponible dans les pharmacies en RDC et peu accessible financièrement pour beaucoup de patients drépanocytaires

Síntese de evidências para políticas de saúde: prevenindo as complicações da doença falciforme / Evidence health policy brief: preventing the complications of sickle cell disease

Essa síntese teve como objetivo levantar opções para prevenção de complicações da doença falciforme, e informar sobre avanços na implementação da política no país. Seguem as opções descritas na síntese que já fazem parte das recomendações do Ministério da Saúde: Promover a antibioticoterapia profilática e a vacinação anti-pneumocócica; Promover o uso de hidroxiureia para prevenção e tratamento de complicações da doença falciforme; Promover o uso de ultrassonografia Doppler Transcraniano (DTC) e transfusão sanguínea para a prevenção primária de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC); Promover a educação em saúde para as pessoas com doença falciforme e seus cuidadores sobre medidas para reduzir as complicações

Reacción hemolítica transfusional tardía en un paciente con anemia de células falciformes: reporte de un caso / Delayed hemolytic reaction to transfusion in sickle cell anemia: report of one case

Sickle cell anemia was a rare disease in Chile, especially in adults, however the recent immigration wave from Haiti is changing this scenario. We report a 29 year old black female from Haiti with a non-disclosed history of sickle cell anemia. She was transfused with two units of red blood cells, found unconscious and with jaundice five days later and admitted to the hospital. On admission she had a hemoglobin of 3.3 g/dL, a total bilirubin of 5.08 mg/dL, a LDH of 1,306 Ui/L. She was transfused again, worsening her condition. An alloimmunization and delayed hemolytic reaction was suspected. A direct Coombs test was positive. She was treated with steroids and her serum hemoglobin rose progressively.

Enfermedad de células falciformes: un diagnóstico para tener presente / Sickle cell disease: a diagnosis to keep in mind

La enfermedad de células falciformes (ECF) es un trastorno genético autosómico recesivo. Es la hemoglobinopatía estructural más frecuente en todo el mundo y se produce por alteración en los genes de la cadena de globina. En Chile, no hay datos sobre la prevalencia de la ECF ya que es considerada una condición muy rara. La incidencia de esta enfermedad ha venido aumentando debido a la migra ción de personas de áreas con mayor prevalencia de ECF. Por esta razón resulta importante conocer y considerar este diagnóstico en un grupo seleccionado de pacientes con anemia, para prevenir y tratar las diferentes complicaciones de la enfermedad. En este artículo se revisan los nuevos aportes en el conocimiento de la fisiopatología, con especial énfasis en aquellas publicaciones de consenso y guías relacionadas al diagnóstico y manejo de esta entidad.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. It is the most frequent structural hemoglobinopathy worldwide, and it is produced by an alteration in the globin chain genes. In Chile, there is no data on the prevalence of SCD since it is considered a very rare condition. The incidence of this disease has been increasing due to migration of people from areas with greater presence of SCD. It is important to know and consider this diagnosis in a selected group of patients with anemia, in order to prevent and treat the different complications of this disease. This article reviews the most recent information that shows new concepts in the knowledge of the physiopathology, and especially publications of guidelines and consensus in relation to the diagnosis and management of this con dition.

Sickle cell retinopathy: A literature review / Retinopatia da doença falciforme: revisão da literatura

Summary Hemoglobinopathies are a group of hereditary diseases that cause quantitative or qualitative changes in the shape, function or synthesis of hemoglobin. One of the most common is sickle cell anemia, which, due to sickling of erythrocytes, causes vaso-occlusive phenomena. Among the possible ocular manifestations, the most representative is retinopathy, which can lead to blindness if left untreated. Therefore, periodic ophthalmologic monitoring of these patients is important for early diagnosis and adequate therapeutic management, which can be done localy by treating the lesions in the eyes, or systemically.

Resumo As hemoglobinopatias são um grupo de doenças hereditárias que causam alterações quantitativas ou qualitativas no formato, na função ou na síntese de hemoglobinas. Uma das mais comuns é a anemia falciforme, cuja patogenia é a foicização das hemácias, causando fenômenos vaso-oclusivos. Dentre as manifestações oculares possíveis, a mais representativa é a retinopatia, que pode levar à cegueira caso não seja tratada. Por isso, é importante que haja o acompanhamento oftalmológico periódico desses pacientes, a fim de obter diagnóstico precoce e abordagem terapêutica adequada. Esta última pode ser de maneira direta, com tratamento das lesões oculares, ou de forma sistêmica.

Cholelithiasis and its complications in sickle cell disease in a university hospital

Abstract Introduction: The clinical manifestations of sickle cell disease are related to the polymerization of hemoglobin S. The chronic hemolysis caused by this condition often causes the formation of gallstones that can migrate and block the common bile duct leading to acute abdomen. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the profile of patients with sickle cell disease and cholelithiasis. Methods: Patients with sickle cell disease were separated into groups according to the presence or absence of cholelithiasis. Socioepidemiological and clinical characteristics, such as gender, age, use of hydroxyurea and the presence of other hemoglobinopathies were researched in the medical records of patients. Results: A hundred and seven patients with sickle cell anemia were treated at the institution. Of these, 27 (25.2%) had cholelithiasis. The presence of cholelithiasis was higher in the 11–29 age group than in younger than 11 years and over 29 years. No association was found for the presence of cholelithiasis with gender, use of hydroxyurea or type of hemoglobinopathy (hemoglobin SS, hemoglobin SC or sickle beta-thalassemia). Sixteen of the patients had to be submitted to cholecystectomy with 14 of the surgeries being performed by laparoscopy. Complications were observed in three patients and one patient died for reasons unrelated to the surgery. Conclusion: A quarter of patients with sickle cell disease had gallstones, more commonly in the 11- to 29-year age range. Patients should be monitored from childhood to prevent cholelithiasis with preoperative, intra-operative and postoperative care being crucial to reduce the risk of complications in these patients.

A Phase Ib open label, randomized, safety study of SANGUINATE™ in patients with sickle cell anemia

Abstract Background: Treatment of sickle cell anemia is a challenging task and despite the well understood genetic and biochemical pathway of sickle hemoglobin, current therapy continues to be limited to the symptomatic treatment of pain, supplemental oxygen, antibiotics, red blood cell transfusions and hydroxyurea. SANGUINATE is a carbon monoxide releasing molecule and oxygen transfer agent under clinical development for the treatment of sickle cell anemia and comorbidities. Methods: An open-label randomized Phase Ib study was performed in adult sickle cell anemia patients. Two dose levels of SANGUINATE were compared to hydroxyurea in 24 homozygotes for Hb SS. Twelve subjects received either a low dose (160 mg/kg) of SANGUINATE or 15 mg/kg hydroxyurea. Another 12 subjects received either a high dose (320 mg/kg) of SANGUINATE or 15 mg/kg hydroxyurea. The primary endpoint was the safety of SANGUINATE versus hydroxyurea in sickle cell anemia patients. Secondary endpoints included determination of the plasma pharmacokinetics and assessment of hematologic measurements. Results: Musculoskeletal related adverse events were the most common. Transient troponin I levels increased in three patients, one of whom had an increase in tricuspid regurgitant velocity; however, no clinical signs were noted. Following an assessment of vital signs, tricuspid regurgitant velocity, electrocardiogram, serum biochemistry, hematology, urinalysis, and analysis of reported adverse events, SANGUINATE was found to be safe in stable sickle cell anemia patients. Conclusions: The clinical trial met its primary objective of demonstrating an acceptable safety profile for SANGUINATE in patients with sickle cell anemia. This trial established the safety of SANGUINATE at both dose levels and permitted its advance to Phase II trials.